The Color Psychology of Blue

The Color Psychology of Blue Theories Cognitive Psychology Print The Color Psychology of Blue By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 22, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on February 22, 2020 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology How does the color blue make you feel? People have long believed that certain colors can evoke different moods and feelings, and some research has supported the idea that colors can have psychological effects.?? Blue is a color often found in nature such as the pale blue of a daytime sky or the rich dark blue of a deep pool of water. It is for this reason perhaps that people often describe the color blue as calm and serene. Yet as a cool color, blue can sometimes seem icy, distant, or even cold. Learn more about some of the feelings and moods created by the color blue. Illustration by Cindy Chung, Verywell The Psychology of the Color Blue According to color psychology: Blue is described as a favorite color by many people and is the color most preferred by men.Because blue is favored by so many people, it is often viewed as a non-threatening color that can seem conservative and traditional.Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity. It is often described as peaceful, tranquil, secure, and orderly.Blue is often seen as a sign of stability and reliability. Businesses that want to project an image of security often utilize blue in their advertising and marketing efforts.Blue can also create feelings of sadness or aloofness. Consider how a painting that heavily features blue, such as those produced by Picasso during his blue period, can seem so lonely, sad, or forlorn.Blue is often used to decorate offices because research has shown that people are more productive in blue rooms.Blue is one of the most popular colors, but it is one of the least appetizing. Some weight loss plans even recommend eating your food off of a blue plate. Blue rarely oc curs naturally in food aside from blueberries and some plums. Also, humans are geared to avoid foods that are poisonous and blue coloring in food is often a sign of spoilage or poison.Blue can also lower the pulse rate and body temperature.Consider how blue is used in language: blue moon, blue Monday, blue blood, the blues, and blue ribbon. How Does Blue Make You Feel? Look at the use of blue in the image that accompanies this article. How does blue make you feel? Do you associate blue with certain qualities or situations? One important thing to remember is that the feelings evoked by certain colors are not necessarily universal. Cultural differences sometimes play a role in how people perceive color. Individual experiences also have an important effect on the moods that colors can create. If you associate the color blue with a vivacious and lively friend, then you might see it as a high energy color that evokes a sense of excitement. Reader Responses to the Color Blue While blue has different symbolic meanings, individual reactions to the color blue can vary widely. The following are some of the reactions to the color blue that readers have shared over the years. Blue Is Sincere Blue is the colour of sky, ocean, sleep, and twilight. It is a color that makes me feel so good. When I see it, I almost feel like I am in heaven. For me, blue is the colour of sincerity, inspiration, and spirituality. It makes me feel like I am good enough. â€"  pradnya Blue Is Calming I love the sight of blue...especially shades of turquoise like teal and aquamarine. I tend to be naturally drawn to this color; I believe because it is the color of my aura. I am already a very calm, serene, emotionally balanced person but when Im around the color blue, I am less nervous and more comfortable and communicative in the presence of others. â€"  Latia Blue Can Also Be Intense Many people think of blue as being peaceful and serene, like a clear summer sky or calming waters. However, when blues are deep and intense this internal reflection changes. Skies become stormy and waters will rage. Blue now arouses a feeling of emotional energy, strength and spirit. â€" sunset707 Blue Brings Both Inspiration and Sadness I love blue, because its the colour of the ocean and the sky. The colour blue makes me feel calm, quiet, reflective and strong. When I look at the blue waters of the ocean, I feel calm and very strong, I feel free like the moving waves and yet there is a sadness to it which at times fill my eyes with tears -I dont understand why. No colour like great blue! â€" Guest Sharon A Word From Verywell While exploring the psychology of color can be interesting, it is also important to remember that reactions to color can also be highly personal. Past experiences can play a role in shaping how people feel about and respond to different colors. While some people find blue to be a sad or somber color, others may interpret it as peaceful or inspiring. Pay attention to how the color blue makes you feel and consider some of the different influences that may have influenced your feelings. The Psychology of Colors

Essay about The Ethics of Human Cloning - 979 Words

The Ethics of Human Cloning In order to make a fully justified decision on whether human cloning is ethical or not, one must be exposed to the background of the subject. To start, a clone is an exact replica of an organism, cell, or gene. The process itself is done asexually with the use of a cell from the original human. It is then placed inside a female capable of bearing a child and is then born as a clone. Along with this comes questions of whether or not it is right to clone a human being based on different facts and opinions of small groups or communities(Dudley 11). The technology of cloning is not quite developed enough for a doctor to be certain that an experiment will be successful. In†¦show more content†¦In this way, the parents would have the chance to love the clone just as much as the original child. On the other hand, those against cloning would say that it is wrong for a doctor to harm a clone. If this were allowed, eventually we would compromise the individual. Clones would become second-class citizens. Cloning strips humanity from natural reproduction by leaving a clone with only one parent. In addition, there would be a decline in genetic diversity. In other words, if some day we all have the same genetic makeup and lose the technology of cloning, we would have to resort back to natural reproduction. This would cause problems because it has the same effect as inbreeding. In the same way, clones would feel like they had lost their individuality. For example, their genetic makeup would be known. Also, there could be negative psychological effects that will impact the family and society. For instance, if a clone finds out that s/he has no biological father it may suppress the clones feeling of equality among other naturally born people. Also, there is a chance that the mother or the clone may become sterile. Among all of these there are too many risks for the bearing mothers and embryos. Eventually, it would turn into a routine to destroy human embryos in the process of cloning(The Ethics of Cloning).Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Human Cloning890 Words   |  4 Pages The ethics of cloning Early in 1997, Scottish scientist Dr. Ian Wilmot revealed to the world that he had successfully cloned an adult sheep, Dolly. With this invention, the world made a aggregate astonishment at the realization that cloning was no longer an aspect of a Science Fiction movie. Since then, human cloning has become one of the most expressing divergent topics in the world, discussions began regarding the ethic consequence of human cloning. In several recent opponents argue thatRead MoreHuman Cloning Ethics1908 Words   |  8 PagesKant and Kass Tackle the Cloning Dilemma Although there are some important benefits to the use of human cloning, there are also moral challenges as well. The benefits include eradicating defective genes and infertility and a quicker recovery from traumatic injuries among other advantages. However, the disadvantages are truly thought provoking as first an individual must answer the question, â€Å"When does a human life begin?† This paper will oppose the use of human cloning on the basis that life beginsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning918 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates about the ethics of in-vitro fertilization, preimplantation, stem cell research, demographic control, for example, by sterilization, genetic modification for health or physical enhancement, and human cloning. The idea of human cloning is most interesting because it is most mysterious and very complex. The topic of human cloning inclusively brings up issues also raised in the mentioned technologies. Human cloning is of two types: therapeutic and reproductive. Therapeutic cloning aims to produceRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning2096 Words   |  9 Pagesbodies, the human race stands easily as one of the most extraordinarily complex and mysterious species in the world. Since the beginning of time our race has been evolving with knowledge, constantly searching for a complete understanding of how we function, and how we can improve ourselves. Through various studies, researchers have thought of ways to modify the human body by means of medication, surgical procedures and other processes. One of these methods is through human reproductive cloning. The veryRead MoreThe Ethics Of Human Cloning Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesis created, and this act of reproductive cloning is regarded with controversy; is it morally permissible, or is it morally grotesque. There are certain elements to consider when debating the ethics of human cloning. Leon Kass in his article â€Å"The Wisdom of Repugnance† contends that reproductive cloning is morally corrupt, describing it as offensive, repulsive, and repugnant, believing these terms to be commonly associated with regards to human cloning. Kass goes forth with his arguments byRead MoreThe Ethics of Human Cloning Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesHuman cloning is separated into two major categories; reproductive cloning, which uses cloning technology to create a human embryo that will produce an entire human, and therapeutic, which adopt cloning into field of medical practices to find a cure for many diseases (Kass). Reproductive cloning requires a somatic cell, a DNA-less egg, and a surrogate mother; as a result, it creates a new individual with the same genome, or genetic coding. The idea originated in Germany in 1938, but the first successfulRead MoreThe Controversy Concerning The Ethics Of Human Cloning1008 Words   |  5 PagesClones are humans. This statement embodies the crux of the controversy regarding the ethics of human cloning. If clones are humans, then they should receive the same rights as humans who were born ‘naturally’. But how do you determine humanity? The film Never Let Me Go (2010), ba sed on Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel of the same name, helps answer the question â€Å"Should we clone?† by establishing that humanity is more than the way one enters the world and by highlighting the unethical issues that may ariseRead MoreThe Cloning Of The Human Genome And With No Standard Line Of Ethics951 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue at hand is that scientists are in a period of enlightenment with the human genome and with no standard line of ethics pertaining to editing human embryos in research development other countries are taking liberty to beat around the bush to explore this concept of eugenics. After the cloning of dolly the goat and China cloning two monkeys without a genetic blood disease through a process called CISPR society are asking the same question. Are scientists taking this too far before it is readyRead MoreEthics of Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering Essay1843 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION When the Roslin Institutes first sheep cloning work was announced in March 1996 the papers were full of speculation about its long-term implications. Because of this discovery, the media’s attention has focused mainly on discussion of the possibility, of cloning humans. In doing so, it has missed the much more immediate impact of this work on how we use animals. Its not certain this would really lead to flocks of cloned lambs in the fields of rural America, or clinically reproducibleRead More The Opposition to Human Cloning: How Morality and Ethics Factor in2864 Words   |  12 PagesThe Opposition to Human Cloning: How Morality and Ethics Factor in If a random individual were asked twenty years ago if he/she believed that science could clone an animal, most would have given a weird look and responded, â€Å"Are you kidding me?† However, that once crazy idea has now become a reality, and with this reality, has come debate after debate about the ethics and morality of cloning. Yet technology has not stopped with just the cloning of animals, but now many scientists are contemplating

Battling Inflation Essay - 1599 Words

As prices begin to rise in various sectors of the economy, some businesses are continuing to tread lightly. Keeping costs down has assisted the US economy in balancing the control of inflation better than other countries emerging from the global recession, such as China and Europe. But with the US economy still recovering and inflation rates in other nations rising the concern of slipping back into another recession has become a very real issue. Factors such as supply and demand, price elasticity and inflation are all contributing factors to the outcome. Perhaps one of the most basic, and essential, concepts of economics is supply and demand. The law of supply and demand states that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity†¦show more content†¦Trade balance is â€Å"the ratio of imported and exported goods†¦the balance is active if the export goods costs exceed the import goods costs (surplus), otherwise the balance is passive (shortfall)† (Forex, 2011). Globalization has assisted in keeping down the cost of inflation by providing low cost imports from countries such as China by means of low wages. In recent years developing markets have started to become huge consumers of commodities, which is finally putting upward pressure on American prices for many globally traded goods† (Hilsenrath, 2011). Historically, the United States has been a nation of consumerism. Columnist Anup Shah (2010) asserts that consumption trends in the US follow the 80-20 rule, stating that â€Å"the wealthiest 20% of the world accounted for 76.6% of total private consumption†. However, consumerism in the United States doesn’t stop there. Because consumers have become so accustomed to certain norms it can be difficult to determine necessity from commodity. Some items, such as Starbucks, are sometimes put into the same category as necessities, such as gasoline. Economists use the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to measure consumer spending habits and the change in inflation rates. Some have even likened the CPI to â€Å"a tug of war between the prices of goods and the prices of services, playing out beneath the surface† (Hilsenrath, 2011). For years foreign investment has enabled the US to â€Å"have their cake andShow MoreRelatedInsight From Theory And History1638 Words   |  7 Pages(monetary policy). In regards to inflation and battling recession Friedman argues that inflation is strictly a monetary induced issue. By battling inflation through the Keynesian method, where money is pumped into the economy to encourage spending, this in Friedman’s eyes would continue to drive up inflation. In order to reduce inflation and avoid recession Friedman believed that bank regulation of prices and interest rates, this would not only regulate inflation but other recession issues wouldRead MoreThe Brazilian Economy And Government1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe 1980s to the 1990s Brazil experienced widespread inflation, leading to the devaluation of the Brazilian currency. This in turn hindered efforts at economic expansion and growth. The politicians and economists of the time did not know how to stop inflation from gro wing, and the GDP of Brazil in the 1990s fell by more than 80 percent, hitting an all-time low. In addition to monetary problems, like other South American countries Brazil was battling high rates of government corruption. In fact PresidentRead MoreThe Federal Reserve System Is The Central Banking System Of The United States1459 Words   |  6 PagesTo serve as the central bank for the United States †¢ To address the problem of banking hardships and panics †¢ To manage the nation s money supply through monetary policy 1. Increase employment 2. Stabilize prices, including prevention of either inflation or deflation 3. Monitor long-term interest rates †¢ To create a balance between private interests banks and the centralized government 1. To oversee and normalize banking institutions 2. To look after the credit rights of consumers †¢ To strengthenRead MoreGovernment Policies And Strategies For Economic Growth And Development1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthe beginning of 1994, a specific set of events composing of different policies were undertaken to stabilise the economy of Brazil during times of high inflation % rates. This set of events was called the Plano Real. Aim: It aimed to, in nominal terms, stabilise domestic currency after a succession of failed measures in attempt to control inflation by introducing a new real currency to be replace the cruzeiro real. Impact: The Plano Real created a unit of real value which aided the introduction ofRead MoreInflation Can Be Measured By Consumer Price Index Or Cpi?1726 Words   |  7 Pagesseems impossible, prices fluctuate on a daily basis. This price fluctuation is known as inflation. Inflation is a continual escalation in the aggregate or general price level in an economy. In simpler terms, it means there is an increase in the cost of living and that your money might not buy as much today as it could in earlier times. To fully understand inflation one must know how it is calculated. Inflation can be measured by evaluating the Consumer Price Index or CPI. Doing so shows what the increaseRead MoreNews Report From The Massachusetts Institute Of Technology1322 Words   |  6 PagesReporter: We have some breaking news to report from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. We have just been informed that long time economist and Professor Paul Samuelson has passed away at the age of 94 after battling an undisclosed illness. Samuelson has impacted the school of MIT greatly as he is a contributor to their highly prestigious economic department. His independent influence in economics has also been wide spread and will continue to be long-standing in the field of economics. WeRead MoreFiscal and Monetary Policies During the 2008 Recession in America967 Words   |  4 Pagesrecessions, the economy lies in a period of poor industries and increasing unemployment rate. This scenario is very unhealthy for the country’s economy and people. Poor industries will lead to unemployment, low total output and in effect would cause inflation. It is not right to view the effects all in quantitative approach; we should also see where these events would lead us. With high prices of commodities and low income or no work, distress among citizens is likely to occur. Dysfunctional communityRead MoreHigh Oil Prices And The Russian Economy1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthat economic recession could come back to Russia. Crumbling Russian ruble and dwindling exports slashed 2014 Russian GDP, and its GDP will fall lower than Spain or South Korea. Without serious police changes or development of technology, already battling Russian economy will be much worse place than 2014. The Russian economy suffers from three severe blows: debilitating structural policies and strict financial sanctions from the West, and continually falling oil price. Russia has sustained significantRead MoreInvestment Objectives And Beliefs At Investus2362 Words   |  10 Pagesin growth has put downward pressure on oil prices resulting in lowering inflation, which should consequently boost household budgets. However, these market conditions could prompt the Bank of England to maintain interest rates at a record low. Oil Declining oil prices have resulted in inflation levels being the lowest witnessed since the Great Depression. The last year is set to be the first year since 1932 where inflation levels were below 2pc in every economy in the G7. Brent Crude was moreRead More Accomplish Victory2010 Words   |  9 PagesThe cause is usually the result from poor money managing from the people managing the money. â€Å"The FED deals with these situations by dumping huge amounts of money supply into the money market. This helps to keep interest rates low even as inflation rises. Inflation is the rise in the prices of goods and services over a period of time.† (22) FED stands for Federal Reserve System, or office. The stimulus package was very poor managed. â€Å"The stimulus package was not as big as some people say the reason

Rhetoric Analysis Free Essays

English 103 Rhetorical Analysis Authors Becky Herz, and Kim Phuc wrote essays that not only touched hearts, but also made people take a different look at life and those around them. â€Å"The Long Road to Forgiveness† and â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† are two essays that use literary devices such as pathos, imagery, ethos, and repetition to effectively tell their stories. By using different rhetorical and literary devices in their writing they were able to make an impact with their words. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetoric Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Words are very powerful weapons in the battle of making a point and trying to make sure that people actually understand that same point. In Herz’s â€Å"My Husband Will Call Tomorrow† she was able to use repetition as well as visual devices to effectively tell her story. Her use of these devices allows the reader to be able to connect and see things from her level. Phuc’s essay on the other hand, was able to evoke gut-wrenching emotion, just using devices such as imagery and details about to make her story credible. Becky Herz’s essay, â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† contains credibility in her use of certain details about how her life is laid out now that her husband is not at home. Her use of repetition through the essay, stating that, â€Å"I believe my husband is going to call me tomorrow† is very effective. The author states this through the essay multiple times. This can be interpreted in a way where one can come to believe that she is just stating a fact. Over and over she states that her husband is going to call her; this shows that she has hope, faith, and is determined that her husband will indeed call her tomorrow. Herz gives detail about how she puts the baby to bed, walks the dogs, checks on her employees; this expresses how she does indeed â€Å"have her hands full† and establishes her credibility. By going through her everyday life, this reveals that hope and belief that nothing is out of the ordinary. Through detailing the actions and evoking the emotion behind it, she makes her story more credible and emotional. The reader can actually believe that she does have hope and believe her husband will call her. If she really did not believe that her husband would call, would she keep her usual routine? Or would she just wallow in the idea that she will never see him again? Her use of repetition helped make her essay touching and believable. In Kim Phuc’s essay, â€Å"The Long Road to Forgiveness† she does not tell a story. She states the facts about everything that happened to her when she was younger giving the story an emotional effect. She described in intricate detail about how she saw everything around her in flames. â€Å"I saw fire everywhere around me. Then I saw fire over my body, especially on my left arm. My clothes had been burned off my body† (Phuc 179). Not only did this statement help provoke the emotion in her story, but it also created imagery for the audience. Her word choice allows the audience to visualize the fire everywhere around her, burning off her clothes and everything around her. Also you can read Rhetorical Devices in Night Walker by Brent Staples Her words further on in the essay help form her credibility in the forgiveness that she is trying to provoke upon the reader. Still, her story is so detailed and thought provoking to feel some time of emotion for what has happened to her is unavoidable. As her essay goes on, never in the beginning or the middle does she state exactly what caused all the damage around her; Phuc saves the fact that she was burned by napalm until the very end of the essay. By just giving details about what happened instead of stating that fact first and then elaborating on it, allowed the essay to have a more emotional impact on the reader. By finalizing what exactly caused all this damage to her physical being, stating how â€Å"Napalm is very powerful, but faith, forgiveness, and love are much more powerful† (Phuc 180), she made her story that much more credible. Especially when she reiterates how is â€Å"If that little girl in the picture can do it (forgive), ask yourself: Can you? † (Phuc 181). Both Becky Herz and Kim Phuc were able to use emotion in their writing and make their essays credible by using details that forced the reader to actually sit back and think about what they were reading. For instance, in Herz’s essay, just how she wrote about how she went through her day waiting for her husband to call her, it was almost as if she was just writing a note to a friend. Her diction created a relaxed tone though she was talking about something that was anything but that. She didn’t write it like she was trying to make the reader feel sorry for her; she was just revealing that she had hope by going through her everyday routine. â€Å"When people say, ‘Looks like you have your hands full,’ I’ll smile and acknowledge that its true, but I make the nest of it because I believe my husband will call me tomorrow† (Herz 110). Phuc organized her essay the same way. She did not ask for any type of pity in her writing in how she wrote it; the facts about what happened were simply stated. From the very first sentence, â€Å"On June 8, 1972, I ran out from Cao Dai temple in my village, Trang Bang, South Vietnam, I saw an airplane getting lower and then four bombs falling down† (Phuc 179), information was given but pity was not requested. She told what happened, and how from it, her life changed drastically; this unknowingly pulls emotion from the reader, and helps establish even more credibility. The Long Road to Forgiveness† and â€Å"My Husband Will Call Me Tomorrow† are two essays that use literary devices such as pathos, imagery, ethos, and repetition to effectively tell their stories and create an essay where the audience can establish understandings and connections. From Phuc’s essay the reader can visualize almost every single detail that she writes about because the words the mselves are so vivid. The reader can see the bombs falling out of the sky as they skim over the words. Becky Herz and Kim Phuc’s essays in This I Believe II are two perfect examples of these literary devices fundamentally being put to use. How to cite Rhetoric Analysis, Essay examples

The Steam Engine Essay Research Paper Referat free essay sample

The Steam Engine Essay, Research Paper Referat xber die Dampfmaschine Dampfmaschine, mechanische Anlage zur xbertragung der Energie von Wasserdampf in mechanische Energie degree Fahrenheit R verschiedenartige Anwendungen, darunter degree Fahrenheit R Antriebe und zur Erzeugung von Elektrizit t. Das Grundprinzip der Dampfmaschine besteht darin, W rmeenergie von Wasserdampf in mechanische Energie umzuwandeln, indem adult male lair Wasserdampf in einem Zylinder abk hlen cubic decimeter xt. Ein im Zylinder angebrachter Kolben wird durch dice Temperaturunterschiede ( heixer und abgek hlter Wasserdampf ) hin- und herbewegt. Wasserdampf zur Erzeugung von Energie Oder zum Heizen wird in der Regel in einem Dampfkessel erzeugt. Die einfachste Form eines Dampfkessels ist ein geschlossener, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Wasser gef llter Beh lter, der Massachusetts Institute of Technology einer Flamme so lange erhitzt wird, Bi hyraxs Wasser Zu Ges ttigtem Dampf wird. Die gew hnliche, in vielen Haushalten eingesetzte Warmwasser anlage arbeitet Massachusetts Institute of Technology einem solchen Kessel, den adult male in einer solchen Anlage ALSs Warmwasserbereiter ( auch Heixwasserbereiter ) bezeichnet. We will write a custom essay sample on The Steam Engine Essay Research Paper Referat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Neben der Erw rmung durch eine Gasflamme kennt adult male auch die Erw rmung Massachusetts Institute of Technology Hilfe eines Tauchsieders. Groxtechnische Anlagen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizit T gold Dampf Sind allerdings erheblich komplizierter aufgebaut und Massachusetts Institute of Technology einer Reihe unterschiedlicher Zusatzger Te ausgestattet. Der Wirkungsgrad von Dampfmaschinen ist im allgemeinen niedrig, daher wurden sie bei der Elektrizit tserzeugung in den meisten F llen durch Dampfturbinen ersetzt.Geschichte Die erste Kolbenkraftmaschine wurde 1690 von dem franz sischen Physiker und Erfinder Denis Papin entwickelt und beim Pumpen von Wasser eingesetzt. Papins Maschine, kaum mehr ALSs eine Spielerei, war ein primitives Ger T, bei dem dice Hauptleistung Massachusetts Institute of Technology Luft- und nicht Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dampfdruck ( siehe Druck ) erzielt wurde. Sie bestand gold einem einzigen Zylinder, der gleichzeitig ALSs Kessel diente. Eine ger inge Menge Wasser wurde auf den Boden des Zylinders geleitet und erw rmt, Bi sich Dampf bildete. Der Dampfdruck goblin einen in den Zylinder eingepaxten Kolben. Anschliexend wurde dice Heizquelle unter dem Zylinder entfernt. Beim Abk hlen des Zylinders kondensierte der Dampf, und der Luftdruck ber dem Kolben dr ckte diesen wieder nach unten.1698 baute der englische Ingenieur Thomas Savery eine Dampfmaschine Massachusetts Institute of Technology zwei Kupferbeh ltern, in die abwechselnd gold einem Kessel Dampf eingeleitet wurde. Saverys Maschine wurde ebenfalls zum Wasserpumpen eingesetzt, wie auch dice sogenannte atmosph rische Dampfpumpe Massachusetts Institute of Technology Balancier ( zweiarmiger Hebel ) , die der englische Erfinder Thomas Newcomen im Jahr 1705 konstruierte. Dieses Ger T hatte einen senkrechten Zylinder und einen Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gegengewichten versehenen Kolben. Zusammen mit den Gegengewichten bewirkte Dampf, der Massachusetts Institute of Te chnology geringem Druck unten in den Zylinder geleitet wurde, dax sich der Kolben zum oberen Ende des Zylinders bewegte. War der Kolben dort angekommen, ffnete sich automatisch ein Ventil, durch hyrax ein Strom kalten Wassers in den Zylinder gespritzt wurde. Dadurch kondensierte der Dampf, und der Luftdruck schob den Kolben wieder zum unteren Ende des Zylinders. Eine Stange, die an dem Verbindungsbalken zwischen Kolben und Gegengewicht befestigt war, bewegte sich Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem Kolben auf und Bachelor of Arts und stake tigte eine Pumpe. Newcomens Maschine Br achte nur geringe Leistung, konnte aber zum Abpumpen von Wasser gold Kohlegruben eingesetzt werden. W hrend der schottische Ingenieur und Erfinder James Watt Verbesserungen an Newcomens Maschine vornahm, machte er eine Reihe von Erfindungen, dice hyraxs Entstehen der modernen Dampfmaschine erm glichten. Watts erste wichtige Entwicklung war dice Konstruktion einer Maschine Massachusetts Institute of Technology einem eigenen Raum degree Fahrenheit R das Kondensieren des Dampfes. Diese 1769 patentierte Maschine verbesserte lair Wirkungsgrad der Maschine von Newcomen erheblich. Der Dampfverlust durch hyrax abwechselnde Erw rmen und Abk hlen des Zylinders blieb bei dieser Konstruktion nahezu aus. Watts Maschine hatte einen isolierten Zylinder, der st ndig dice Dampftemperatur beibehielt. In dem davon getrennten, wassergek hlten Kondensationsraum wurde Massachusetts Institute of Technology einer Pumpe ein Unterdruck erzeugt, so dax der Dampf vom Zylinder in den Kondensationsraum gesogen wurde. Mit der Pumpe wurde auch hyraxs Wasser gold dem Kondensationsraum entfernt.Eine weitere tiefgre ifende -nderung in der Konstruktion der ersten Maschinen von Watt war dice Verwendung von Wasserdampf statt Luftdruck. Watt erfand auxerdem ein Verfahren, Massachusetts Institute of Technology dem ein sich hin- und herbewegender Kolben einer Maschine ein sich drehendes Schwungrad antreiben konnte. Das erreichte Er zun chst durch ein System von Zahnr dern, ein Getriebe, sp ter wie bei modernen Kraftmaschinen Massachusetts Institute of Technology einer Kurbelwelle. Weitere von Watt eingef hrte Verbesserungen und Erfindungen waren u. a. dice Anwendung des Prinzips der Doppelwirkung, bei dem Dampf abwechselnd auf beide Seiten des Kolbens geleitet wurde, so dax in beide Richtungen Druck auf den Kolben ausge bt wurde. Watt r stete Seine Kraftmaschinen auch Massachusetts Institute of Technology Drosselklappen gold. Damit liex sich dice Geschwindigkeit regeln. Mit Hilfe von Fliehkraftreglern erreichten seine Konstruktionen automatisch eine gleichbleibende Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit.Die n chste entscheidende Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet der Dampfmaschine war dice Einf hrung brauchbarer Hochdruckdampfmaschinen. Watt hatte zwar das Prinzip der Hochdruckdampfmaschine erkannt, konnte aber diese Art der Maschine nicht vervollkommnen. Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts gelang es dem britischen Ingenieur und Erfinder Richard Trevithick und dem amerikanischen Erfinder Oliver Evans, eine Hochdruckdampfmaschine Zu konstruieren. Trevithick setzte double daggers Modell der Dampfmaschine zum Antrieb der ersten je gebauten Lokomotive degree Fahrenheit R eine Eisenbahn ein. Sowohl Trevithick ALSs auch Evans bauten dampfbetriebene Kutschen zur Fortbewegung auf Straxen.Etwa zur gleichen Zeit baute der britische Ingenieur und Erfinder Arthur Woolf die erste Verbundmaschine ( auch Mehrfach-Expansionsmaschine genannt ) . Sie stellte eine Verbesserung der Zweifach-Expansionsmaschine von J. Hornblower dar. Bei der Mehrfach-Expansionsmaschine wird unter hohem Druck stehender Dampf zun chst auf einen und, nachdem Er sich ausgedehnt und dabei Druck verloren chapeau, auf einen weiteren Kolben geleitet. Woolfs erste Maschinen hatten zwei Zylinder. Sp ter chitchat es aber auch Arten Massachusetts Institute of Technology dreifacher und sogar vierfacher Expansion. Der Vorteil der Verbindung von zwei Oder mehr Zylindern besteht darin, dax weniger Energie durch Abgabe von W rme an dice Zylinderw nde verlorengeht und die Maschine deshalb einen H heren Wirkungsgrad erzielt.

How to Make Homemade Ink in 4 Easy Recipes

How to Make Homemade Ink in 4 Easy Recipes Ink is one of the practical contributions of chemistry. Using basic materials found at craft supply stores, you can make invisible inks and tattoo inks in addition to writing and drawing inks. Although some ink recipes are closely guarded secrets, the basic principles of preparing ink are simple. All you have to do is mix pigment with a carrier (usually water). It helps to include a chemical that  will allow the ink to flow fluidly and adhere to the paper (typically gum arabic, which is sold in powdered form). Black Permanent Ink  Recipe The most popular ink, black permanent ink can be prepared at home using the following materials: 1/2 tsp lamp black (This you can buy or make yourself by holding a plate over a candle and collecting the soot, or by collecting another form of char.)1 egg yolk1 tsp gum arabic1/2 cup honey Mix together the egg yolk, gum arabic, and honey. Stir in the lamp black. This will produce a thick paste that you can store in a sealed container. To use the  ink, mix this paste with a small amount of water to achieve the desired consistency. Applying a small amount of heat may improve the consistency of the solution, but be careful- too much heat will make the ink difficult to write with. Brown Ink  Recipe Brown ink is a popular alternative to black ink and can be prepared without any char or lamp black. All you need to make it is: 4 teaspoons loose tea or 4-5 tea bags1 teaspoon gum arabic1/2 cup boiling water Pour the boiling water over the tea. Allow the tea to steep for about 15 minutes. Squeeze as much tea (tannin) as possible from the tea or teabags. Stir in the gum arabic and mix until you have a consistent solution. Strain the ink so that you are left with a thick paste and allow it to cool before bottling it. Prussian Blue Ink  Recipe An even simpler recipe, and one that produces a bold color, is this recipe for Prussian blue, which painters have been using since the early 1700s. All you need to make it is: Prussian Blue pigment (sometimes sold as laundry bluing)Water Mix the pigment into the water until you have a rich blue ink with a thick consistency. Unless you happen to have a calligraphy pen, the easiest way to use these inks is with a homemade quill or a paintbrush. Blackberry Ink Recipe Like the recipe above, this one produces a rich blue ink, but one that is darker and made entirely of natural materials. To make it, you will need: 1 cup blackberries1/2 cup water1/2 tsp gum arabic4 drops thyme oil First, heat the blackberries in the water, pressing them to release the juice. Once the mixture is dark blue and all of the juice is released, strain the mixture and stir in the gum arabic until you have produced a thick paste. Add the thyme oil and stir. Allow the ink to cool before bottling it.

Biography of Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander

Biography of Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander Born December 10, 1891, Harold Alexander was the third son of Earl of Caledon and Lady Elizabeth Graham Toler. Initially educated at Hawtreys Preparatory School, he entered Harrow in 1904. Departing four years later, Alexander sought to pursue a military career and gained admission to the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Completing his studies in 1911, he received a commission as a second lieutenant in the Irish Guards that September. Alexander was with the regiment in 1914 when World War I began and deployed to the Continent with Field Marshal Sir John Frenchs British Expeditionary Force. In late August, he took part in the retreat from Mons and in September fought at the First Battle of the Marne. Wounded at the First Battle of Ypres that fall, Alexander was invalided to Britain. World War I Promoted to captain on February 7, 1915, Alexander returned to the Western Front. That fall, he took part in the Battle of Loos where he briefly led the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards as an acting major. For his service in the fighting, Alexander was awarded the Military Cross. The following year, Alexander saw action during the Battle of the Somme. Engaged in heavy combat that September, he received the Distinguished Service Order and the French LÃ ©gion dhonneur. Elevated to the permanent rank of major on August 1, 1917, Alexander was made an acting lieutenant colonel shortly thereafter and led the 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards at the Battle of Passchendaele that fall. Wounded in the fighting, he quickly returned to command his men at the Battle of Cambrai in November. In March 1918, Alexander found himself in command of the 4th Guards Brigade as British troops fell back during the German Spring Offensives. Returning to his battalion in April, he led it at Hazebrouck where it sustained heavy casualties. Interwar Years Shortly thereafter, Alexanders battalion was withdrawn from the front and in October he assumed command of an infantry school. With the end of the war, he received an appointment to the Allied Control Commission in Poland. Given command of a force of German Landeswehr, Alexander aided the Latvians against the Red Army in 1919 and 1920. Returning to Britain later that year, he resumed service with the Irish Guards and in May 1922 received a promotion to lieutenant colonel. The next several years saw Alexander move through postings in Turkey and Britain as well as attend the Staff College. Promoted to colonel in 1928 (backdated to 1926), he took command of the Irish Guards Regimental District before attending the Imperial Defense College two years later. After moving through various staff assignment, Alexander returned to the field in 1934 when he received a temporary promotion to brigadier and assumed command of the Nowshera Brigade in India. In 1935, Alexander was made a Companion of the Order of the Star of India and was mentioned in despatches for his operations against the Pathans in Malakand. A commander who led from the front, he continued to perform well and in March 1937 received an appointment as an aide-de-camp to King George VI. After taking part in the Kings coronation, he briefly returned to India before being promoted to major general that October. The youngest (age 45) to hold the rank in the British Army, he assumed command of the 1st Infantry Division in February 1938. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Alexander prepared his men for combat and soon deployed to France as part of General Lord Gorts British Expeditionary Force. A Rapid Ascent With the rapid defeat of Allied forces during the Battle of France in May 1940, Gort tasked Alexander with overseeing the BEFs rearguard as it withdrew toward Dunkirk. Reaching the port, he played a key role in holding off the Germans while British troops were evacuated. Assigned to lead I Corps during the fighting, Alexander was one of the last to leave French soil. Arriving back in Britain, I Corps assumed a position to defend the Yorkshire coast. Elevated to acting lieutenant general in July, Alexander took over Southern Command as the Battle of Britain raged in the skies above. Confirmed in his rank in December, he remained with Southern Command through 1941. In January 1942, Alexander was knighted and the following month was dispatched to India with the rank of general. Tasked with halting the Japanese invasion of Burma, he spent the first half of the year conducting a fighting withdrawal back to India. To the Mediterranean Returning to Britain, Alexander initially received orders to lead the First Army during the Operation Torch landings in North Africa. This assignment was changed in August when he instead replaced General Claude Auchinleck as Commander-in-Chief, Middle East Command in Cairo. His appointment coincided with Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery taking command of the Eighth Army in Egypt. In his new role, Alexander oversaw Montgomerys victory at the Second Battle of El Alamein that fall. Driving across Egypt and Libya, Eighth Army converged with Anglo-American troops from the Torch landings in early 1943. In a reorganization of Allied forces, Alexander assumed control of all troops in North Africa under the umbrella of the 18th Army Group in February. This new command reported to General Dwight D. Eisenhower who served as Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean at the Allied Forces Headquarters. In this new role, Alexander oversaw the Tunisia Campaign which ended in May 1943 with the surrender of over 230,000 Axis soldiers. With victory in North Africa, Eisenhower began planning the invasion of Sicily. For the operation, Alexander was given command of the 15th Army Group consisting of Montgomerys Eighth Army and Lieutenant General George S. Pattons US Seventh Army. Landing on the night of July 9/10, Allied forces secured the island after five weeks of fighting. With the fall of Sicily, Eisenhower and Alexander rapidly began planning for the invasion of Italy. Dubbed Operation Avalanche, it saw Pattons US Seventh Army headquarters replaced with Lieutenant General Mark Clarks US Fifth Army. Moving forward in September, Montgomerys forces began landing in Calabria on the 3rd while Clarks troops fought their way ashore at Salerno on the 9th. In Italy Consolidating their position ashore, Allied forces commenced advancing up the Peninsula. Due to the Apennine Mountains, which run the length of Italy, Alexanders forces pushed forward on two fronts with Clark in the east and Montgomery in the west. Allied efforts were slowed by poor weather, rough terrain, and a tenacious German defense. Slowly falling back through the fall, the Germans sought to buy time to complete the Winter Line south of Rome. Though the British succeeded in penetrating the line and capturing Ortona in late December, heavy snows prevented them from pushing east along Route 5 to reach Rome. On Clarks front, the advance bogged down in the Liri Valley near the town of Cassino. In early 1944, Eisenhower departed to oversee planning of the invasion of Normandy. Arriving in Britain, Eisenhower initially requested that Alexander serve as the ground forces commander for the operation as he had been easy to work with during earlier campaigns and had promoted cooperation a mong Allied forces. This assignment was blocked by Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, who felt that Alexander was unintelligent. He was supported in this opposition by Prime Minister Winston Churchill who thought the Allied cause to be best served by having Alexander continue to direct operations in Italy. Thwarted, Eisenhower gave the post to Montgomery who had turned Eighth Army over to Lieutenant General Oliver Leese in December 1943. Leading the newly re-named Allied Armies in Italy, Alexander continued to seek a way to break the Winter Line. Checked at Cassino, Alexander, at Churchills suggestion, launched an amphibious landing at Anzio on January 22, 1944. This operation was quickly contained by the Germans and the situation along the Winter Line did not change. On February 15, Alexander controversially ordered the bombing of the historic Monte Cassino abbey which some Allied leaders believe was being used as an observation post by the Germans. Finally breaking through at Cassino in mid-May, Allied forces surged forward and pushed Field Marshal Albert Kesselring and the German Tenth Army back to the Hitler Line. Breaking through the Hitler Line days later, Alexander sought to trap the 10th Army by using forces advancing from the Anzio beachhead. Both assaults proved successful and his plan was coming together when Clark shockingly ordered the Anzio forces to turn northwest for Rome. As a result, the German Tenth Army was able to escape north. Though Rome fell on June 4, Alexander was furious that the opportunity to crush the enemy had been lost. As Allied forces landed in Normandy two days later, the Italian front quickly became of secondary importance. Despite this, Alexander continued pushing up the peninsula during the summer of 1944 and breached the Trasimene Line before capturing Florence. Reaching the Gothic Line, Alexander commenced Operation Olive on August 25. Though both Fifth and Eighth Armies were able to break through, their efforts were soon contained by the Germans. Fighting continued during the fall as Churchill hoped for a breakthrough which would allow for a drive towards Vienna with the goal of halting Soviet advances in Eastern Europe. On December 12, Alexander was promoted to field marshal (backdated to June 4) and elevated to Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Headquarters with responsibility for all operations in the Mediterranean. He was replaced Clark as leader of the Allied Armies in Italy. In the spring of 1945, Alexander directed Clark as Allied forces launched their final offensives in the theater. By the end of April, Axis forces in Italy had been shattered. Left with little choice, they surrendered to Alexander on April 29. Postwar With the end of the conflict, King George VI elevated Alexander to the peerage, as Viscount Alexander of Tunis, in recognition of his wartime contributions. Though considered for the post of Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Alexander received an invitation from Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King to become Governor-General of Canada. Accepting, he assumed the post on April 12, 1946. Remaining in the position for five years, he proved popular with Canadians who appreciated his military and communication skills. Returning to Britain in 1952, Alexander accepted the post of Minister of Defense under Churchill and was elevated to Earl Alexander of Tunis. Serving for two years, he retired in 1954. Frequently visiting Canada during his retirement, Alexander died on June 16, 1969. Following a funeral at Windsor Castle, he was buried at Ridge, Hertfordshire. Selected Sources History of War: Harold AlexanderWorld War II Database: Harold Alexander